UNA EXPLICACIÓN SENCILLA Y CONTUNDENTE
Heidi es la propietaria de un bar en Berlín, que ha comprado con un préstamo bancario. Como es natural, quiere aumentar las ventas, y decide permitir que sus clientes, la mayoría de los cuales son alcohólicos en paro, beban hoy y paguen otro día. Va anotando en un cuaderno todo lo que consumen cada uno de sus clientes. Esta es una manera como otra cualquiera de concederles préstamos.
Nota: Pero en realidad, no le entra en caja ningún dinero físico.
Muy pronto, gracias al boca a boca, el bar de Heidi se empieza a llenar de más clientes.
Como sus clientes no tienen que pagar al instante, Heidi decide aumentar los beneficios subiendo el precio de la cerveza y del vino, que son las bebidas que sus clientes consumen en mayor cantidad. El margen de beneficios aumenta vertiginosamente.
Nota: Pero en realidad, es un margen de beneficios virtual, ficticio; la caja sigue estando vacía de ingresos contantes.
Un empleado del banco más cercano, muy emprendedor, y que trabaja de director en la sección de servicio al cliente, se da cuenta de que las deudas de los clientes del bar son activos de alto valor, y decide aumentar la cantidad del préstamo a Heidi. El empleado del banco no ve ninguna razón para preocuparse, ya que el préstamo bancario tiene como base para su devolución las deudas de los clientes del bar.
Nota: ¿Vais pillando la dimensión del castillo de naipes?
En las oficinas del banco los directivos convierten estos activos bancarios en «bebida-bonos», «alco-bonos» y «vomita-bonos» bancarios. Estos bonos pasan a comercializarse y a cambiar de manos en el mercado financiero internacional. Nadie comprende en realidad qué significan los nombres tan raros de esos bonos; tampoco entienden qué garantía tienen estos bonos, ni siquiera si tienen alguna garantía o no. Pero como los precios siguen subiendo constantemente, el valor de los bonos sube también constantemente.
Nota: El castillo de naipes crece y crece y no para de crecer, pero todo es camelancia; no hay detrás solidez monetaria que lo sustente. Todo son «bonos», es decir, papelitos que «representan» tener valor siempre y cuando el castillo de naipes se sostenga.
Sin embargo, aunque los precios siguen subiendo, un día un asesor de riesgos financieros que trabaja en el mismo banco (asesor al que, por cierto, despiden pronto a causa de su pesimismo) decide que ha llegado el momento de demandar a Heidi el pago de su préstamo bancario; y Heidi, a su vez, exige a sus clientes el pago de las deudas contraídas con el bar.
Pero, claro está, los clientes no pueden pagar las deudas.
Nota: ¡¡¡Porque siguen sin tener ni un céntimo!!! Han podido beber cada día en el bar porque «se comprometían» a pagar sus deudas, pero el dinero físico no existe.
Heidi no puede devolver sus préstamos bancarios y entra en bancarrota.
Nota: Y Heidi pierde el bar.
Los «bebida-bonos» y los «alco-bonos» sufren una caída de un 95% de su valor. Los «vomito-bonos» van ligeramente mejor, ya que sólo caen un 80%.
Las compañías que proveen al bar de Heidi, que le dieron largos plazos para los pagos y que también adquirieron bonos cuando su precio empezó a subir, se encuentran en una situación inédita. El proveedor de vinos entra en bancarrota, y el proveedor de cerveza tiene que vender el negocio a otra compañía de la competencia.
Nota: Porque los proveedores de vinos y cervezas también le fiaban a Heidi, creyendo que estaban seguros de que cobrarían con creces al cabo del tiempo. Como no han podido cobrar dado que el dinero no existe, la deuda de Heidi se los ha comido a ellos.
El gobierno interviene para salvar al banco, tras conversaciones entre el presidente del gobierno y los líderes de los otros partidos políticos.
Para poder financiar el rescate del banco, el gobierno introduce un nuevo impuesto muy elevado que pagarán los abstemios.
Nota: Que es lo que de verdad ha pasado. Con los impuestos de los ciudadanos inocentes, los gobiernos han tapado el agujero financiero creado por la estupidez de los bancos.
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